perm filename INTERS.XGP[F75,JMC]1 blob
sn#188579 filedate 1975-11-23 generic text, type T, neo UTF8
/FONT#1=NGB25/FONT#2=BDJ25[ 1,RWG]/FONT#3=BDJ20/FONT#4=GRKL50/FONT#5=GRKL30/FONT#6=BDR40/FONT#7=BDI25/FONT#8=BASL30/FONT#9=FIX25X/TMAR=200/PMAR=1992/BMAR=2
␈↓↓␈↓α␈↓β␈↓∧␈↓¬␈↓ε␈↓π␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓␈↓λ␈↓β␈↓λ␈↓ βiTHE FEASIBILITY OF INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Optimists␈α∩have␈α∩proposed␈α∩many␈α∩schemes␈α∩for␈α∩interstellar␈α∩travel,␈α∩usually␈α∩aimed␈α⊃at␈α⊃reaching␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hnearer␈α∂stars␈α∂within␈α∞a␈α∞human␈α∞lifetime,␈α∞but␈α∞these␈α∞schemes␈α∞usually␈α∞involve␈α∞extrapolations␈α∞of␈α∞present␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hscience.␈α∀Pessimists,␈α∀finding␈α∀flaws␈α∀in␈α∀these␈α∀schemes,␈α∀conclude␈α∀that␈α∀interstellar␈α∀travel␈α∀is␈α∪forever␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hinfeasible.␈α⊃We␈α⊃show␈α⊃that␈α⊃interstellar␈α⊃travel␈α⊃is␈α⊃entirely␈α⊂feasible␈α⊂with␈α⊂only␈α⊂small␈α⊂improvements␈α⊂in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββD␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hpresent␈αtechnology␈αprovided␈αtravel␈αtimes␈αof␈αseveral␈αhundred␈αto␈αseveral␈αthousand␈αyears␈αare␈αaccepted.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HNaturally␈αno-one␈αwill␈αstart␈αthousand-year␈αjourneys␈αwithin␈αthe␈αnext␈αfew␈αhundred␈αyears␈αunless␈αfleeing␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Ha␈α∞danger,␈α∞because␈α∞improved␈α∞technology␈α∞may␈α∞allow␈α∞earlier␈α∞arrival␈α∞with␈α∞a␈α∞later␈α∞start.␈α∞However,␈α
our␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsolar␈α∩system␈α∩will␈α∩support␈α∩life␈α∩for␈α∩several␈α∩billion␈α⊃years,␈α⊃so␈α⊃many-thousand-year␈α⊃journeys␈α⊃will␈α⊃be␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧T␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hundertaken␈α∞unless␈α
a␈α
unified␈α
society␈α
forbids␈α
it␈α
and␈α
can␈α
enforce␈α
the␈α
prohibition␈α
against␈α
even␈α
rather␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsmall␈α
groups.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬≤␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬@␈↓λ␈↓ α_No␈α⊂scientific␈α⊂advance␈α∂and␈α∂only␈α∂small␈α∂technological␈α∂advances␈α∂are␈α∂required␈α∂to␈α∂use␈α∂a␈α∂nuclear␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬d␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hfission␈α
reactor␈α
to␈α
generate␈α
electricity␈α
which␈α
is␈α
used␈α
to␈α
expel␈α
a␈α
working␈α
fluid␈α
at␈αan␈αexhaust␈αvelocity␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βελ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hvaried␈αand␈αoptimized␈αduring␈αthe␈αjourney.␈αToo␈αlow␈αan␈αexhaust␈αvelocity␈αgives␈αan␈αunacceptably␈αlarge␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε,␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmass␈αratio,␈αbut␈αtoo␈αhigh␈αan␈αexhaust␈α
velocity␈α
requires␈α
handling␈α
too␈α
much␈α
power␈α
to␈α
get␈α
enough␈α
thrust.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HSome␈αof␈αthe␈αarticles␈αpurporting␈αto␈αrefute␈αthe␈αpossibility␈αof␈αinterstellar␈αtravel␈αhave␈αnoted␈αthat␈αphoton␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεt␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hrockets␈αoptimize␈α
mass␈α
ratios␈α
and␈α
then␈α
pointed␈α
out␈α
that␈α
they␈α
require␈α
handling␈α
implausible␈α
amounts␈α
of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ_␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hpower.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ<␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ`␈↓λ␈↓ α_We␈αderive␈αformulas␈αfor␈αthe␈αtime␈αrequired␈αto␈αtravel␈α
a␈α
distance␈α
␈↓ s␈↓λ␈α
using␈α
the␈α
above␈α
technology␈α
in␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsuch␈αa␈αway␈αas␈αto␈αminimize␈αtravel␈αtime.␈αThen␈αthe␈αfigure␈αof␈αmerit␈αof␈αour␈αpropulsion␈αsystem␈α(reactor␈α+␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ(␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hrocket)␈α∞is␈α∞expressed␈α∞by␈α∞the␈α∞ratio␈α∞␈↓ p␈↓λ␈α∞of␈α∞power␈α∞the␈α∞system␈α∞can␈α∞handle␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞mass␈α
of␈α
the␈α
apparatus.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλL␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HPlausible␈α∂values␈α∂of␈α∂␈↓ p␈↓λ␈α∂are␈α∂between␈α∂one␈α∂watt/kilogram␈α∂and␈α∂␈↓ 1000␈↓λ␈α∂watts/kilogram.␈α∂Since␈α∂the␈α∂time␈α∂␈↓ T␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλl␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hturns␈αout␈αproportional␈αto␈α␈↓ p␈↓β␈↓#
-1/3␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓λ,␈αthis␈αfactor␈αof␈αa␈αthousand␈αuncertainty␈αin␈α␈↓ p␈↓λ␈αgives␈αonly␈αa␈αfactor␈αof␈αten␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ∀␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Huncertainty␈α
in␈α
the␈α
time␈α
required␈α
for␈α
a␈α
given␈α
journey.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β 8␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β \␈↓λ␈↓ α_We introduce symbols as follows:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
$␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ s␈↓λ = length of journey␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
l␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ T␈↓λ = time of journey␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β4␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ t␈↓λ is a time variable␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β|␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ M␈↓λ = initial mass of the system␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βD␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ m␈↓λ␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ = final mass of the system␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ m␈↓λ is a mass variable␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
Q␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓¬a␈↓λ␈↓ = M/m␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓λ = the mass ratio␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞≤␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ w␈↓λ is an exhaust velocity variable␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞@␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞d␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ a(t)␈↓λ is the acceleration␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂,␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ p␈↓λ = power available for unit mass of system␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ2
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ α_␈↓ P␈↓λ is a power variable.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓ α_Conservation␈α
of␈α
momentum␈α
and␈α
conservation␈α
of␈α
energy␈α
give␈α
the␈α
following␈α
equations:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ β≥␈βαq␈↓ ␈↓ε.␈↓
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ
␈↓λ1)
␈↓ β*␈↓ w = ma␈↓ β→␈↓ m␈↓ αw␈ββ∂␈↓ -
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ8␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βu␈ββQ␈↓ ␈↓ε.␈↓
␈↓ β]␈ββ`␈↓α1
␈↓ ∧α␈ββi␈↓ w␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓λ.
␈↓ ↓H␈ββm␈↓λ2)
␈↓ βq␈↓ m␈↓ αw␈ββo␈↓ P = -
␈↓ βj␈ββs␈↓β
␈∧β{β]α␈↓ β]␈ββ␈␈↓α2
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧&␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧?␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Solving␈α
for␈α
␈↓ w␈↓λ␈α
in␈α
1),␈α
substituting␈α
in␈α
2)␈α
and␈α
solving␈α
for␈α
␈↓ m␈↓λ␈αu␈↓#⊃␈↓ε␈↓#⊃.␈↓λ␈↓#⊃␈↓#␈αβ␈↓λ␈α
gives␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α{␈β¬∃␈↓ ␈↓ε.␈↓
␈↓ βq␈β¬≤␈↓ m␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λa␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ β]␈β¬$␈↓α1
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬1␈↓λ3)
␈↓ βλ␈↓ = - ␈↓ αw␈β¬3␈↓ m
␈↓ βj␈β¬7␈↓β
␈∧¬?βqα5␈∧¬?β]α␈↓ ∧β␈↓ P␈↓ β]␈β¬C␈↓α2
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬j␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε∞␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε2␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_We␈α
now␈α
distinguish␈α
two␈α
cases:␈α
in␈α
a␈α
single␈α
stage␈α
rocket,␈α
we␈α
have␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεV␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεz␈↓λ4)␈↓ αw␈↓ P = pm␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ≡␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπB␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hexpressing␈α
the␈α
fact␈α
that␈α
the␈α
power␈α
available␈α
is␈α
proportional␈α
to␈α
the␈α
final␈α
mass␈α
of␈α
the␈α
system.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπf␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ
␈↓λ␈↓ α_In␈α
a␈α
continuously␈α
staged␈α
rocket,␈α
we␈α
have␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ.␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλR␈↓λ4')␈↓ αw␈↓ P = pm␈↓λ,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλv␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ~␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hexpressing␈α
the␈α
fact␈α
that␈α
the␈α
power␈α
available␈α
is␈α
proportional␈α
to␈α
the␈α
current␈α
mass.␈α
(We␈αsuppose␈αthat␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β >␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hevery␈α⊃so␈α⊃often␈α⊃a␈α⊂nuclear␈α⊂reactor␈α⊂or␈α⊂a␈α⊂rocket␈α⊂is␈α⊂taken␈α⊂out␈α⊂of␈α⊂service,␈α⊂vaporized␈α⊂and␈α⊂expelled␈α⊂as␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β b␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hworking␈α
fluid).␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
ε␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
*␈↓λ␈↓ α_In␈α
the␈α
two␈α
cases,␈α
we␈α
get␈α
the␈α
equations␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
N␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
r␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ β␈β␈↓ ␈↓ε.␈↓
␈↓ ∧∧␈β#␈↓ a␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ βh␈β(␈↓α1
␈↓ α|␈β)␈↓ m
␈↓ ↓H␈β5␈↓λ5)
␈↓ β∪␈β7␈↓ = -
␈↓ βu␈β;␈↓β
␈∧Cβ|α,␈∧Cβhα␈∧Cαwα≠␈↓ β|␈↓ pm␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ βh␈βG␈↓α2
␈↓ αw␈βG␈↓ m␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ ↓H␈βv␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β~␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β>␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βb␈↓λ␈↓λand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
ε␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
*␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α{␈β
C␈↓ ␈↓ε.␈↓
␈↓ βq␈β
[␈↓ a␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ β]␈β
`␈↓α1
␈↓ αw␈β
a␈↓ m
␈↓ ↓H␈β
m␈↓λ5')
␈↓ βλ␈β
o␈↓ = -
␈↓ βj␈β
s␈↓β
␈∧
{βqα≠␈∧
{β]α␈∧
{αwα⊂␈↓ βv␈↓ p␈↓ β]␈↓α2␈↓ αw␈β
␈␈↓ m
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞&␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞J␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞n␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Taking␈α
into␈α
account␈α
the␈α
initial␈α
and␈α
final␈α
masses,␈α
we␈α
get␈α
the␈α
following␈α
results␈α
by␈α
integration:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂∩␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ3
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬9␈β↓a␈↓βT
␈↓ ¬≥␈β↓d␈↓∧
␈↓ ∧d␈↓ 1␈↓ βh␈↓ 1␈↓ β≡␈β↓g␈↓ 1
␈↓ ¬R␈β↓o␈↓ a(t)␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ dt
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓s␈↓λ6)
␈↓ ¬H␈↓α ␈↓ ¬␈↓ ␈↓ βy␈↓ = - ␈↓ β5␈↓ + ␈↓ αw␈β↓u␈↓ -
␈∧α↓∧Nα=␈∧α↓βhα⊂␈∧α↓β→α≠␈↓ ∧N␈↓ 2pm␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ βh␈↓ M␈↓ β→␈βα¬␈↓ m␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ ¬/␈βα∪␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ ␈↓λ␈↓λand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββD␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬T␈β∧↓␈↓βT
␈↓ ¬8␈β∧∧␈↓∧
␈↓ ¬∀␈β∧π␈↓ 1
␈↓ ¬m␈β∧∂␈↓ a(t)␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ dt
␈↓ αw␈↓λlog ␈↓ m␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ - ␈↓λlog ␈↓ M = - ␈↓ ↓H␈β∧∪␈↓λ6')
␈↓ ¬c␈↓α ␈↓ ¬.␈β∧∃␈↓α
␈∧∧!¬α!␈↓ ¬␈β∧%␈↓ 2p
␈↓ ¬J␈β∧3␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧T␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬→␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Using␈α
␈↓¬a␈↓λ␈↓ ␈α
=␈α
M/m␈↓λ␈α
and␈α
setting␈α
for␈α
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two␈α
cases␈↓ ↓H
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␈↓ ↓H␈β¬a␈↓λ7)␈↓ αw␈↓ q = p(1 - 1/␈↓¬a␈↓ )␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε
␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε,␈↓ ␈↓λand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεq␈↓λ7')␈↓ αw␈↓ q = p ␈↓λlog ␈↓¬a␈↓λ,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ_␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ<␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwe␈α
get␈α
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valid␈α
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␈↓ βk␈βλ≥␈↓βT
␈↓ βO␈βλ ␈↓∧
␈↓ β;␈βλ"␈↓α1
␈↓ ∧∧␈βλ+␈↓ a(t)␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ dt
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ/␈↓λ8)
␈↓ βz␈↓α ␈↓ αw␈βλ1␈↓ q =
␈↓ βH␈βλ5␈↓β
␈∧λ=β;α␈↓ β;␈βλA␈↓α2
␈↓ βa␈βλO␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈βλp␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ∀␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β 8␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Assuming␈α
that␈α
the␈α
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and␈α
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→␈↓βT
␈↓ αw␈β
≤␈↓∧
␈↓ ↓H␈β
+␈↓λ9)
␈↓ β,␈↓ a(t) dt = 0␈↓ β"␈β
-␈↓α
␈↓ β ␈β
K␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈β
l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β4␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HThe␈α
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␈↓ ∧␈β9␈↓ t␈↓β␈↓#v1␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ βW␈β=␈↓βT
␈↓ βp␈↓∧␈↓ β;␈β@␈↓∧
␈↓ ↓H␈βO␈↓λ10)
␈↓ ∧2␈↓ a(t) dt dt␈↓β␈↓#v1␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ ∧(␈↓α ␈↓ βf␈↓α ␈↓ αw␈βQ␈↓ s =
␈↓ ∧α␈↓β0␈↓ βM␈βo␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈β
⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
4␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
X␈↓λ␈↓λfrom which␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞ ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βW␈β∞9␈↓βT
␈↓ β;␈β∞<␈↓∧
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞K␈↓λ11)
␈↓ βp␈↓ (T - t) a(t) dt␈↓ βf␈↓α ␈↓ αw␈β∞M␈↓ s =
␈↓ βM␈β∞k␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ4
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hfollows␈α
by␈α
integration␈α
by␈α
parts.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ α_Our␈αgoal␈αis␈αnow␈αto␈αdetermine␈αthe␈αacceleration␈αprofile␈α␈↓ a(t)␈↓λ␈αsatisfying␈αequations␈α8),␈α9)␈αand␈α11)␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hso␈α
that␈α
␈↓ T␈↓λ␈α
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␈↓ s␈↓λ.␈αBefore␈αdoing␈αthis,␈αhowever,␈αwe␈αshall␈αtreat␈αthe␈αsimple␈αcase␈αin␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α∂we␈α∂use␈α∂a␈α∞constant␈α∞magnitude␈α∞acceleration␈α∞reversed␈α∞in␈α∞sign␈α∞at␈α∞the␈α∞midpoint␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞journey.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HThis␈α
assumptions␈α
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8)␈α
and␈α
11)␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββD␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ β;␈ββ]␈↓α1
␈↓ βO␈ββf␈↓ a␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ T
␈↓ ↓H␈ββj␈↓λ12)
␈↓ αw␈ββl␈↓ q =
␈↓ βH␈ββp␈↓β
␈∧βxβ;α␈↓ β;␈ββ|␈↓α2
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧#␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧G␈↓λ␈↓λand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧k␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βS␈β¬∧␈↓ T␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬⊗␈↓λ13)
␈↓ αw␈β¬_␈↓ s = a
␈↓ βL␈β¬≤␈↓β
␈∧¬$βSα≠␈↓ βX␈β¬(␈↓ 4
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬N␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬r␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε⊗␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Solving for ␈↓ T␈↓λ and ␈↓ a␈↓λ gives␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε:␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε↑␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ β\␈↓β2␈↓ ∧∀␈βεw␈↓β1
␈↓ βc␈↓α/␈↓ ∧≠␈βεw␈↓α/
␈↓ ∧ ␈βε{␈↓β-
␈↓ βn␈↓β3␈↓ ∧&␈βε⎇␈↓β3
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ∧␈↓λ14)
␈↓ βy␈↓ q␈↓ αw␈βπε␈↓ T = 2s
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ1␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπU␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπw␈↓ ␈↓λand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ≠␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ?␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βV␈↓β1␈↓ ∧β␈βλX␈↓β2
␈↓ β]␈↓α/␈↓ ∧
␈βλX␈↓α/
␈↓ βK␈βλ\␈↓β-
␈↓ βh␈↓β3␈↓ ∧∃␈βλ↑␈↓β3
␈↓ ↓H␈βλe␈↓λ15)
␈↓ βs␈↓ q␈↓ αw␈βλg␈↓ a = s
␈↓ ↓H␈β ∩␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β 4␈↓ ␈↓λ␈↓ α_We␈α
shall␈αnow␈αlabor␈αmightily␈αto␈αoptimize␈α␈↓ a(t)␈↓λ,␈αbut␈αthe␈αeager␈αreader␈αis␈αwarned␈αthat␈αthis␈αonly␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β X␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hchanges␈αthe␈αco-efficient␈α␈↓ 2␈↓λ␈αin␈αequation␈α14)␈αto␈α␈↓ 1.817␈↓λ␈αwhich␈αmight␈αnot␈αbe␈αconsidered␈αworth␈αeither␈αthe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β |␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmathematics␈α
or␈α
the␈α
engineering.␈α
Well,␈α
onward!␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
D␈↓λ␈↓ α_Instead␈αof␈αholding␈α␈↓ s␈↓λ␈αfixed␈αand␈αminimizing␈α␈↓ T␈↓λ,␈αwe␈αtake␈αthe␈αequivalent␈αbut␈αsimpler␈αproblem␈αof␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
h␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmaximizing␈α∃␈↓ s␈↓λ␈α∃holding␈α∃␈↓ T␈↓λ␈α∃constant␈α∃and␈α∃maintaining␈α∃the␈α∃validity␈α∀of␈α∀9).␈α∀Introducing␈α∀Lagrange␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmultipliers,␈α
we␈α
must␈α
hold␈α
stationary␈α
the␈α
integral␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ Z␈↓βT␈↓ πC␈↓βT␈↓ βW␈βI␈↓βT
␈↓ >␈↓∧␈↓ π'␈↓∧␈↓ β;␈βL␈↓∧
␈↓ π∪␈βN␈↓α1
␈↓ π\␈βW␈↓ a(t)␈↓β␈↓#
2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ dt
␈↓ ↓H␈β[␈↓λ16)
␈↓ s␈↓ a(t) dt␈↓ i␈↓α ␈↓ λ↑␈↓ ) + λ␈↓β␈↓#v2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ πR␈↓α ␈↓ βp␈↓ (T - t) a(t) dt + λ␈↓β␈↓#v1␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ (q - ␈↓ βf␈↓α ␈↓ αw␈β]␈↓ I =
␈↓ π ␈βa␈↓β
␈∧iπ∪α␈↓ π∪␈βm␈↓α2
␈↓ P␈↓β0␈↓ π9␈↓β0␈↓ βM␈β{␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈β≤␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β@␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsubject␈α
to␈α
the␈α
conditions␈α
8)␈α
and␈α
9)␈α
for␈α
arbitrary␈α
variations␈α
of␈α
␈↓ a(t)␈↓λ.␈α
This␈α
gives␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βd␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ∧(␈β⎇␈↓βT
␈↓ ∧␈β
␈↓∧
␈↓ ∧A␈↓ (T - t - λ␈↓β␈↓#v1␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ a(t) + λ␈↓β␈↓#v2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ ) ␈↓¬d␈↓ a(t) dt␈↓ αw␈β
␈↓ 0 = ␈↓¬d␈↓ I =
␈↓ ↓H␈β
∂␈↓λ17)
␈↓ ∧7␈β
⊃␈↓α
␈↓ ∧≡␈β
/␈↓β0
␈↓ ↓H␈β
P␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
q␈↓λ␈↓λwhich must hold for arbitrary variations ␈↓¬d␈↓λ␈↓ a(t)␈↓λ. Therefore␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞_␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βn␈β∞1␈↓ T + λ␈↓β␈↓#v2␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ - t
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞F␈↓λ18)
␈↓ αw␈β∞H␈↓ a(t) =
␈∧∞Tβnα↓#␈↓ ∧2␈β∞X␈↓ λ␈↓β␈↓#v1␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂π␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂+␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Combining␈α
18)␈α
with␈α
8),␈α
9)␈α
and␈α
11)␈α
gives␈α
(if␈α
we␈α
have␈α
finally␈α
gotten␈α
the␈α
algebra␈α
right)␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ5
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα6␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈∧αJ∧*α⊂␈∧αJ∧*␈␈¬≥α␈↓ βK␈↓β3␈↓ βx␈βαN␈↓β1
␈↓ βR␈↓α/␈↓ β␈␈βαN␈↓α/
␈↓ ∧-␈βαO␈↓ 6
␈↓ β]␈↓β2␈↓ ∧
␈βαT␈↓β2
␈↓ ↓H␈βα[␈↓λ19)
␈↓ βh␈↓ q␈↓ αw␈βα]␈↓ s = T
␈∧α←∧≤αα␈∧α←∧≡↓λ∧␈↓ ∧∃␈βαa␈↓β
␈∧αi∧≤α!␈↓ ∧$␈βαm␈↓ 6
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ∃␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ9␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ[␈↓ ␈↓λand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ␈␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧#␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βK␈↓β1␈↓ βx␈↓β2␈↓ ∧0␈↓β1␈↓ ¬v␈↓β2␈↓ ε.␈β∧<␈↓β1
␈↓ βR␈↓α/␈↓ β␈␈↓α/␈↓ ∧7␈↓α/␈↓ ¬⎇␈↓α/␈↓ ε5␈β∧<␈↓α/
␈↓ ∧%␈↓β-␈↓ ε#␈β∧@␈↓β-
␈↓ β]␈↓β3␈↓ ∧
␈↓β3␈↓ ∧B␈↓β3␈↓ ελ␈↓β3␈↓ ε@␈β∧B␈↓β3
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧I␈↓λ20)
␈↓ ε∪␈↓ q␈↓ ∧M␈↓ = 1.817 s␈↓ ∧∃␈↓ q␈↓ βh␈↓ s␈↓ αw␈β∧K␈↓ T = 6
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧v␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬~␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬<␈↓ ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Thus␈α
if␈α
we␈α
optimize␈α
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and␈α
use␈α
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we␈α
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␈↓ ↓H␈β¬`␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
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␈↓ ∧1␈↓β2␈↓ ∧i␈↓β1␈↓ ε⊗␈βε≥␈↓β1
␈↓ ∧8␈↓α/␈↓ ∧p␈↓α/␈↓ ε≥␈βε≥␈↓α/
␈↓ ∧↑␈↓β-␈↓ ε␈βε!␈↓β-
␈↓ ∧C␈↓β3␈↓ ∧{␈↓β3␈↓ ε(␈βε#␈↓β3
␈↓ ¬ε␈↓λlog␈↓ (M/m␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ )␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H␈βε*␈↓λ21)
␈↓ ∧N␈↓ p␈↓ αw␈βε,␈↓ T = 1.817 s
␈↓ ↓H␈βε]␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε␈␈↓ ␈↓λ␈↓ α_This␈α
result␈α
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valid␈α
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␈↓ ↓H␈βπ#␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlight␈α
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and␈α
time␈α
in␈α
years␈α
and␈α
keep␈α
␈↓ p␈↓λ␈α
in␈α
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21)␈α
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␈↓ ↓H␈βπG␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπk␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ∧ ␈↓β2␈↓ ∧X␈↓β1␈↓ ε¬␈βλ∧␈↓β1
␈↓ ∧'␈↓α/␈↓ ∧←␈↓α/␈↓ ε␈βλ∧␈↓α/
␈↓ ∧M␈↓β-␈↓ ¬z␈βλλ␈↓β-
␈↓ ∧2␈↓β3␈↓ ∧j␈↓β3␈↓ ε↔␈βλ
␈↓β3
␈↓ ∧u␈↓λlog␈↓ (M/m␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓ )␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H␈βλ⊃␈↓λ21')
␈↓ ∧=␈↓ p␈↓ αw␈βλ∪␈↓ T = 2571 s
␈↓ ↓H␈βλD␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλh␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓ ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Table␈α
1␈αgives␈αthe␈αresult␈αof␈αputting␈αnumbers␈αin␈αthe␈αabove␈αequations.␈αThe␈αtimes␈αare␈αgiven␈αfor␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β .␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htwo␈α
cases:␈α
continuous␈α
staging␈α
and␈α
single␈α
stage.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β R␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β v␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
~␈↓λ s(light years) p(watts/kg) α=M/m␈↓β␈↓#v0␈↓#␈↓λ Tcont(years) T1(years)␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
>␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈β
d␈↓λ␈↓ αV␈↓ 4␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg.2␈↓ βz1000␈↓ β ␈↓ ¬33000␈↓ β ␈↓ εS335␈↓ β ␈↓ λ→670␈↓ β ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈β*␈↓ ␈↓ αV␈↓ 4␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg.2␈↓ ∧-1␈↓ β ␈↓ ¬j␈↓λe␈↓ β ␈↓ εB␈↓ 6693␈↓ β ␈↓ λλ7799␈↓ β ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βP␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈βr␈↓ ␈↓ αE␈↓ 12␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg␈↓ ∧100␈↓ αg␈↓ ¬j␈↓λe␈↓ αg␈↓ εB␈↓ 2903␈↓ αg␈↓ λλ3384␈↓ αg␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β_␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈β<␈↓ ␈↓ αE␈↓ 12␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg␈↓ ∧100␈↓ αg␈↓ ¬U20␈↓ αg␈↓ εB2015␈↓ αg␈↓ λλ2954␈↓ αg␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β`␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈β
∧␈↓ ␈↓ α4␈↓ 100␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg␈↓ ∧100␈↓ αg␈↓ ¬U20␈↓ αg␈↓ εB8281␈↓ αg␈↓ πw12143␈↓ αg␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
(␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈β
L␈↓ ␈↓ α4␈↓ 600␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg␈↓ ∧≤10␈↓ αg␈↓ ¬U20␈↓ αg␈↓ ε158908␈↓ αg␈↓ πw83477␈↓ αg␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
p␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈β∞∀␈↓ ␈↓ α4␈↓ 600␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg␈↓ βz1000␈↓ αg␈↓ ¬33000␈↓ αg␈↓ εB9147␈↓ αg␈↓ πw18296␈↓ αg␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞8␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞\␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ␈β∂␈↓ ␈↓ αg␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H␈↓ αg␈↓ ∧>␈↓ αg␈↓ ¬Table 1␈↓ αg␈↓ πε␈↓ αg␈↓ λL␈↓ αg␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂$␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ6
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα∞␈↓ ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HRemarks:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα2␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαV␈↓λ␈↓ α_1.␈α∞The␈α∞numerical␈α
results␈α
illustrate␈α
the␈α
insensitivity␈α
of␈α
the␈α
qualitative␈α
character␈α
of␈α
interstellar␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαz␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htravel␈α⊂to␈α⊂the␈α⊂quantitative␈α⊂technological␈α⊂assumptions␈α⊂as␈α⊂long␈α⊂as␈α⊂we␈α∂don't␈α∂assume␈α∂power␈α∂handling␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ≡␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcapabilities␈αthat␈αgive␈αvelocities␈αclose␈αenough␈αto␈αlight␈αspeed␈αto␈αget␈αrelativistic␈αtime␈αdilation.␈α
The␈α
times␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββB␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hare␈αlong␈αcompared␈αto␈αhuman␈αlifetimes␈αand␈αshort␈αcompared␈αto␈αthe␈αlengths␈αof␈αtime␈αthat␈αsolar␈αsystems␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββf␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwill␈αsupport␈αlife.␈αLarge␈αimprovements␈αin␈αtechnology␈αor␈αvery␈αlarge␈αmass␈αratios␈αdon't␈αhelp␈αmuch,␈αand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlong␈α
distances␈α
don't␈α
hinder␈α
much.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧.␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧R␈↓λ␈↓ α_2.␈α∞A␈α∞group␈α∞interested␈α∞in␈α
many␈α
launches␈α
might␈α
use␈α
a␈α
mass␈α
ratio␈α
of␈α
␈↓ e␈↓λ␈α
and␈α
take␈α
only␈α
twice␈α
as␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧v␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlong␈α
as␈α
with␈α
a␈α
mass␈α
ratio␈α
of␈α
3000.␈α
At␈α
high␈α
mass␈α
ratios,␈α
multiple␈α
staging␈α
is␈α
important,␈αbut␈αat␈αsmall␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬~␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmass␈α
ratios,␈α
single␈α
stage␈α
rockets␈α
might␈α
as␈α
well␈α
be␈α
used.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬>␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬b␈↓λ␈↓ α_3.␈α∞The␈α∞zero␈α∞in␈α∞acceleration␈α∞at␈α∞the␈α
midpoint␈α
in␈α
the␈α
variable␈α
acceleration␈α
case␈α
means␈α
that␈α
the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεε␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcalculation␈α⊂is␈α⊂invalid␈α⊂at␈α⊂that␈α⊂time␈α⊂because␈α⊂with␈α⊂constant␈α∂power,␈α∂we␈α∂would␈α∂have␈α∂infinite␈α∂exhaust␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε*␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hvelocity.␈αThe␈αactual␈αoptimum␈αprofile␈α
involves␈α
emitting␈α
only␈α
the␈α
waste␈α
products␈α
of␈α
the␈α
nuclear␈α
reactor␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεN␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hnear␈α
the␈α
midpoint.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεr␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ⊗␈↓λ␈↓ α_4.␈α⊃Since␈α⊃the␈α⊃time␈α⊃is␈α⊃proportional␈α⊃to␈α⊃the␈α⊃␈↓β␈↓#ε2␈↓#␈↓ ␈α{/␈↓β3␈↓λ␈↓λ␈α⊃power␈α⊃of␈α⊃the␈α⊃distance,␈α⊃clearly␈α⊃the␈α⊂formula␈α⊂is␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ:␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hincorrect␈αfor␈αlong␈αdistances.␈αIt␈αbecomes␈αincorrect␈αwhen␈αit␈αrecommends␈αexhaust␈αvelocities␈α
greater␈α
than␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ↑␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthat␈αcorresponding␈αto␈αemitting␈αonly␈αthe␈αwaste␈αproducts␈αof␈αthe␈αnuclear␈αreaction.␈αWe␈αcan␈α
calculate␈α
this␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλα␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcondition␈α∃most␈α∃readily␈α∃for␈α∃the␈α∃case␈α∃of␈α∃constant␈α∃acceleration␈α∃and␈α∃continuous␈α∀staging.␈α∀Solving␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ&␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hequations␈α
1)␈α
and␈α
2)␈α
for␈α
␈↓ w␈↓λ␈α
gives␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλJ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλn␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ εJ␈β π␈↓ 2P
␈↓ ↓H␈β ∪␈↓λ22)
␈↓ εε␈β ∃␈↓ w =
␈∧ !εJα!␈↓ εJ␈β %␈↓ ma
␈↓ ↓H␈β K␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β o␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
∪␈↓λ␈↓λwhich leads finally to␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
7␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
[␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ εk␈↓β1␈↓ π_␈↓β1␈↓ λ$␈β
t␈↓β2
␈↓ εr␈↓α/␈↓ π∨␈↓α/␈↓ λ+␈β
t␈↓α/
␈↓ λ→␈β
x␈↓β-
␈↓ ε⎇␈↓β3␈↓ π*␈↓β3␈↓ λ6␈β
z␈↓β3
␈↓ π5␈β
}␈↓ (␈↓λlog ␈↓¬a␈↓ )
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓␈↓λ23)
␈↓ πλ␈↓ s␈↓ εε␈ββ␈↓ w = 2p
␈↓ ↓H␈β0␈↓λ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βT␈↓ ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βr␈↓ ␈↓λ␈↓ α_As␈α
a␈α
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example,␈α
choose␈α
␈↓¬a␈↓ ␈α
=␈α
e␈↓β␈↓#
8␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓λ␈α
and␈α
␈↓ p␈α
=␈α
1000␈↓λ␈α
again,␈α
and␈α
solve␈α
for␈α
␈↓ s␈↓λ␈α
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␈↓ ↓H␈β~␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β>␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ εU␈βW␈↓ w␈↓β␈↓#
3␈↓#␈↓λ
␈↓ ↓H␈βi␈↓λ24)
␈↓ εε␈βk␈↓ s =
␈∧wεJα2␈↓ εJ␈β{␈↓ 125
␈↓ ↓H␈β
!␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
E␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
i␈↓λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hin␈αMKS␈αunits.␈αThe␈αlimiting␈αcase␈αof␈α
a␈α
fission␈α
reactor␈α
using␈α
all␈α
fissionable␈α
material␈α
and␈α
expelling␈α
only␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αfission␈αproducts␈αas␈αreaction␈αmass␈αand␈αusing␈α␈↓ 200,000,000␈↓λ␈αelectron␈αvolts␈αas␈αthe␈αenergy␈αof␈αfission␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞1␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hgives␈α∂␈↓ s␈α∂=␈α∂600␈↓λ␈α∂light␈α∂years␈α∂assuming␈α∞that␈α∞half␈α∞the␈α∞energy␈α∞is␈α∞converted␈α∞to␈α∞exhaust␈α∞velocity;␈α∞i.e.␈α∞the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞U␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hequations␈α∂of␈α∂this␈α∂article␈α∂are␈α∂valid␈α∂for␈α∂journeys␈α∂shorter␈α∂than␈α∂this.␈α∂Longer␈α∂journeys␈α∞are␈α∞mass-ratio␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞y␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlimited,␈αand␈αthe␈αformulas␈αcustomary␈αfor␈αchemical␈αrockets␈αapply.␈αA␈αfission␈αpropelled␈αrocket␈αthat␈αputs␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂≥␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hhalf␈α
the␈α
fission␈α
energy␈α
into␈α
the␈α
exhaust␈α
velocity␈α
of␈α
the␈α
fission␈α
products␈α
has␈α
an␈α
exhaust␈αvelocity␈αof␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ7
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H9,100,000␈α∂meters/second.␈α∂A␈α∂mass-ratio␈α∂of␈α∂3000␈α∂yields␈α∂a␈α∂total␈α∂velocity␈α∂change␈α∂of␈α∂0.24c,␈α∂i.e.␈α∞about␈α∞a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hquarter␈αof␈αthe␈αvelocity␈αof␈αlight.␈α
Taking␈α
into␈α
account␈α
the␈α
need␈α
for␈α
deceleration␈α
means␈α
that␈α
.12c␈α
can␈α
be␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htaken␈α
as␈α
an␈α
average␈α
velocity␈αfor␈αjourneys␈αmuch␈αlonger␈αthan␈α600␈αlight␈αyears␈αprovided␈αshielding␈αthe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htravellers␈α
from␈α
the␈α
radiation␈α
produced␈α
by␈α
impact␈α
of␈α
interstellar␈α
atoms␈α
is␈α
a␈α
solvable␈α
problem.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα|␈↓λ␈↓ α_5.␈α∪The␈α∪ability␈α∩to␈α∩handle␈α∩a␈α∩million␈α∩watts/kilogram␈α∩of␈α∩propulsion␈α∩system␈α∩would␈α∩make␈α∩the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hjourney␈αto␈αthe␈αnearest␈αstar␈αa␈αmere␈α33.5␈αyears.␈αUnfortunately␈αthis␈αseems␈αto␈αrequire␈αscientific␈αand␈αnot␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββD␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hjust␈α
technological␈α
extrapolation.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧␈↓λ␈↓ α_6.␈α⊃Suppose␈α⊃that␈α⊂deceleration␈α⊂could␈α⊂be␈α⊂accomplished␈α⊂without␈α⊂using␈α⊂rockets.␈α⊂For␈α⊂example,␈α⊂a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmagnetic␈αfield␈αproduced␈αby␈αa␈αcurrent␈αin␈αa␈αsuperconducting␈αcable␈αwould␈αdissipate␈αenergy␈αby␈αexciting␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧P␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αinterstellar␈αplasma␈αinto␈αmotion.␈αThis␈αwould␈αreduce␈αjourneys␈αby␈αa␈αfactor␈αof␈α2␈↓ ␈↓β␈↓#
-2/3␈↓#␈↓λ␈↓λ␈α=␈α.63.␈αThe␈α
same␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htime␈α
reduction␈α
factor␈α
applies␈α
to␈α
flyby␈α
missions␈α
which␈α
needn't␈α
decelerate.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬≤␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬@␈↓λ␈↓ α_We␈αconclude␈αthat␈αthe␈αgalaxy␈αcan␈αbe␈αoccupied␈αby␈αhumanity␈αin␈αa␈αtime␈αsmall␈αcompared␈αthat␈αfor␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬d␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α∞our␈α∞solar␈α∞system␈α∞will␈α
support␈α
life.␈α
There␈α
is␈α
some␈α
difficulty␈α
in␈α
reconciling␈α
this␈α
with␈α
the␈α
idea␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βελ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthat␈α
technological␈α
civilization␈α
has␈α
probably␈αevolved␈αmany␈αtimes␈αalready␈αcombined␈αwith␈αour␈αnot␈αyet␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε,␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hhaving␈αany␈αevidence␈αfor␈αthe␈αgalaxy␈αbeing␈αalready␈αoccupied.␈αOne␈αway␈αout␈αis␈αthe␈αoften␈α
proposed␈α
idea␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthat␈α↔technological␈α↔civilizations␈α↔don't␈α↔last␈α↔long.␈α↔In␈α↔my␈α↔opinion,␈α↔there␈α↔are␈α↔so␈α↔many␈α↔possible␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεt␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmotivational␈α⊂structures␈α⊂for␈α⊂intelligent␈α⊂beings␈α⊂that␈α⊂it␈α⊂is␈α⊂hard␈α⊂to␈α⊂believe␈α⊂that␈α⊂they␈α⊂would␈α⊂all␈α∂wipe␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ_␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthemselves␈αout␈αor␈αretire␈αto␈αa␈αcontemplative␈αlife.␈αI␈αwould␈αrather␈αgive␈αgreater␈αprobability␈αto␈αour␈αbeing␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ<␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hamong␈α∞the␈α∞first.␈α∞One␈α
interpretation␈α
to␈α
the␈α
two␈α
billion␈α
year␈α
interval␈α
between␈α
the␈α
first␈α
algae␈α
on␈α
our␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ`␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hplanet␈αand␈αthe␈αstart␈α
of␈α
complex␈α
life␈α
in␈α
the␈α
Cambrian␈α
era␈α
600␈α
million␈α
years␈α
ago␈α
-␈α
is␈α
that␈α
the␈α
initiation␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hof␈α∂sexual␈α∂reproduction␈α∂or␈α∂possibly␈α∂multicellular␈α∂life␈α∂is␈α∂a␈α∞rare␈α∞event␈α∞with␈α∞a␈α∞half-life␈α∞of␈α∞billions␈α∞of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ(␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hyears.␈α
In␈α
that␈α
case,␈α
maybe␈α
we␈α
were␈α
lucky␈α
and␈α
are␈α
among␈α
the␈α
first.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ8
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λTHE SOCIOLOGY OF INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓ α_Most␈α∀discussions␈α∀of␈α∀interstellar␈α∀travel␈α∀assume␈α∀a␈α∀unified␈α∀society␈α∀that␈α∪decides␈α∪whether␈α∪to␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hundertake␈αinterstellar␈αtravel␈αtaking␈αinto␈αaccount␈αits␈αfeasibility␈αand␈αthe␈α"values␈αof␈α
the␈α
society".␈α
This␈α
is␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hone␈α
possibility,␈α
but␈α
there␈α
are␈α
others,␈α
including␈α
at␈α
least␈α
the␈α
following:␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββD␈↓λ␈↓ α_1.␈α∂Humanity␈α∂remains␈α∂divided␈α∞into␈α∞sovereign␈α∞nations␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞era␈α∞when␈α∞interstellar␈α∞travel␈α∞is␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hfeasible.␈α∂Rival␈α∂ideologies␈α∂or␈α∂national␈α∂interests␈α∞lead␈α∞to␈α∞competitive␈α∞expansion␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞solar␈α∞system␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
beyond␈α
it.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧T␈↓λ␈↓ α_2.␈α∞A␈α∞political␈α∞group␈α∞or␈α∞a␈α∞religion␈α∞unable␈α∞to␈α∞gain␈α∞or␈α∞maintain␈α∞control␈α∞of␈α∞a␈α∞country␈α∞sponsors␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hemigration␈α
from␈α
earth.␈α
The␈α
Mormons␈α
and␈α
Mennonites␈αemigrated␈αrepeatedly␈αwhen␈αthey␈αwere␈αbeing␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬≤␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hpressed␈αto␈αconform.␈αAt␈αpresent␈αthere␈αis␈αa␈αfinite␈αprobability␈αthat␈αIsraelis␈αor␈αlibertarians␈αwon't␈αbe␈αable␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬@␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hto␈α∞have␈α∞the␈α∞kind␈α∞of␈α∞society␈α∞they␈α∞prefer␈α∞anywhere␈α∞on␈α∞earth.␈α∞However,␈α∞while␈α
present␈α
science␈α
would␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬d␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsupport␈αa␈α
technology␈α
permitting␈α
large␈α
numbers␈α
of␈α
people␈α
to␈α
migrate␈α
into␈α
interplanetary␈α
space␈α
using␈α
a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βελ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmuch␈αmore␈αaustere␈αversion␈αof␈αthe␈αsystem␈αadvocated␈αby␈αO'Neill,␈αit␈αis␈αhard␈αto␈αsee␈αthat␈αa␈αgroup␈αcould␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε,␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsend␈α
more␈α
than␈α
a␈α
pioneer␈α
expedition␈α
on␈α
an␈α
interstellar␈α
journey.␈α
Since␈α
there␈α
is␈α
plenty␈αof␈αroom␈αand␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hresources␈α⊃in␈α⊃interplanetary␈α⊃space,␈α⊃interstellar␈α⊃colonisation␈α⊃would␈α⊃most␈α⊂likely␈α⊂be␈α⊂undertaken␈α⊂by␈α⊂a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεt␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hgroup␈α
that␈α
considers␈α
that␈α
its␈α
existence␈α
would␈α
not␈α
be␈α
tolerated␈α
anywhere␈α
in␈α
the␈α
solar␈α
system.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ_␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ<␈↓λ␈↓ α_3.␈αThe␈αloser␈αin␈αa␈αwar␈αor␈αother␈αpower␈αstruggle␈αmay␈αescape.␈α
In␈α
my␈α
opinion,␈α
either␈α
side␈α
in␈α
World␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ`␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HWar␈α∂II,␈α∂feeling␈α∞doomed␈α∞to␈α∞lose,␈α∞would␈α∞have␈α∞launched␈α∞an␈α∞escape␈α∞expedition␈α∞if␈α∞it␈α∞could,␈α∞and␈α∞quite␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlikely␈α∂either␈α∂capitalism␈α∂or␈α∞communism,␈α∞if␈α∞doomed␈α∞to␈α∞violent␈α∞defeat,␈α∞would␈α∞do␈α∞so.␈α∞I␈α∞have␈α∞in␈α∞mind␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ(␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmany␈αpeople␈α
co-operating␈α
to␈α
let␈α
a␈α
few␈α
escape␈α
in␈α
order␈α
to␈α
preserve␈α
an␈α
ideology␈α
or␈α
a␈α
leader␈α
or␈α
a␈α
way␈α
of␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλL␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlife.␈α
According␈α
to␈α
his␈α
ideology,␈α
the␈α
winner␈α
might␈α
either␈α
tolerate␈α
escape␈α
or␈α
try␈α
to␈α
prevent␈α
it.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλp␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ∀␈↓λ␈↓ α_4.␈α⊃How␈α⊃soon␈α⊃is␈α⊃possible?␈α⊃If␈α⊃the␈α⊃Shuttle␈α⊃is␈α⊃produced␈α⊃on␈α⊃schedule␈α⊃and␈α⊃Shuttles␈α⊃or␈α⊃Shuttle␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β 8␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlaunches␈α∂can␈α∂be␈α∂bought,␈α∂and␈α∂if␈α∂nuclear␈α∂technology␈α∂like␈α∞that␈α∞involved␈α∞in␈α∞submarines␈α∞is␈α∞available,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β \␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthen␈α
a␈α
group␈α
might␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to␈α
launch␈α
an␈α
expedition␈α
before␈α
the␈α
year␈α
2000␈αat␈αa␈αcost␈αbetween␈αa␈αfew␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hhundred␈α
million␈α
and␈α
a␈α
few␈α
billion␈α
dollars.␈α
This␈α
would␈α
be␈α
an␈α
absolutely␈α
austere␈α
expedition,␈αbut␈αits␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
$␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcost␈α
is␈α
within␈α
the␈α
reach␈α
of␈α
almost␈α
any␈α
government,␈α
many␈α
social␈α
movements,␈α
and␈α
a␈α
few␈α
individuals.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
l␈↓λ␈↓ α_5.␈αIf␈αthe␈αworld␈αremains␈αsufficiently␈αpluralistic␈αso␈αthat␈αno␈αmajor␈αway␈αof␈αlife␈αis␈αthreatened␈αwith␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hextinction,␈α
then␈αinterstellar␈αtravel␈αwill␈αbe␈αpostponed␈αuntil␈αit␈αis␈αclear␈αthat␈αwaiting␈αlonger␈αto␈αstart␈αwill␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β4␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hnot␈α
lead␈α
to␈α
an␈α
earlier␈α
arrival.␈α
Emigration␈α
to␈αinterplanetary␈αspace␈αis␈αan␈αintermediate␈αpossibility␈αthat␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α∂probably␈α∂be␈α∂preferred␈α∂by␈α∂pioneers␈α∂and␈α∂utopian␈α∂colonists␈α∂unless␈α∂the␈α∂governments␈α∂on␈α∂earth␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hrepress␈α
independent␈α
pioneering.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βD␈↓λ␈↓ α_However,␈α∞most␈α∞expeditions␈α∞will␈α∞probably␈α∞be␈α∞launched␈α
by␈α
secure␈α
governments␈α
with␈α
adequate␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hpreparation.␈αThis␈αmeans␈αthat␈αorbital␈α
telescopes␈α
or␈α
flybys␈α
will␈α
have␈α
already␈α
established␈α
that␈α
the␈α
target␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsolar␈α
system␈α
can␈αsupport␈αlife,␈αi.e.␈αhas␈αsome␈αreasonably␈αlow␈αgravity␈αplanets␈αor␈αan␈αasteroid␈αbelt.␈αSince␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αtime␈αto␈αα-Centauri␈αis␈αabout␈α400␈αyears␈αassuming␈α␈↓ p␈↓λ␈α=␈α1000␈α
which␈α
should␈α
be␈α
attainable␈α
by␈α
the␈α
year␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
T␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H2050,␈αit␈αis␈αreasonable␈αto␈αpredict␈αthat␈αthe␈αfirst␈αexpedition␈αwill␈αarrive␈αat␈αanother␈α
star␈α
by␈α
the␈α
year␈α
2500.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HCuriously,␈α
we␈α
can␈α
predict␈α
when␈α
it␈α
will␈α
arrive␈α
more␈α
confidently␈α
than␈α
when␈α
it␈α
will␈α
start.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞≤␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞@␈↓λ␈↓ α_One␈α∞can␈α∞imagine␈α∞a␈α∞society␈α∞so␈α∞unwilling␈α∞to␈α∞subject␈α∞its␈α∞members␈α∞to␈α∞risk␈α∞or␈α∞discomfort␈α∞that␈α
it␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞d␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwouldn't␈α⊃launch␈α⊃interstellar␈α⊃expeditions␈α⊃and␈α⊃sufficiently␈α⊃unified␈α⊃that␈α⊃no␈α⊃subgroup␈α⊂would␈α⊂do␈α⊂so.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HHowever,␈αneither␈αcondition␈αhas␈α
held␈α
for␈α
human␈α
society␈α
during␈α
most␈α
of␈α
its␈α
history␈α
and␈α
seems␈α
unlikely␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂,␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Has␈α∪well␈α∪as␈α∪undesirable␈α∪in␈α∪our␈α∪future.␈α∪It␈α∩seems␈α∩strange␈α∩to␈α∩assume␈α∩in␈α∩discussions␈α∩of␈α∩interstellar␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ9
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcommunication␈α
that␈α
it␈α
holds␈α
universally.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ10
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λTHE SOCIOLOGY OF THE INTERSTELLAR EXPEDITION␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓ α_Since␈α
there␈α
is␈α
no␈α
scientific␈α
guarantee␈α
that␈α
suspended␈α
animation␈α
is␈α
possible,␈α
we␈α
will␈αassume␈αa␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmulti-generation␈α
expedition.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ ␈↓λ␈↓ α_Since␈α⊃the␈α⊃society␈α⊂of␈α⊂such␈α⊂an␈α⊂expedition␈α⊂would␈α⊂be␈α⊂quite␈α⊂different␈α⊂from␈α⊂our␈α⊂present␈α⊂urban␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββD␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hculture,␈α∞one␈α∞may␈α∞worry␈α∞about␈α∞whether␈α
the␈α
expedition␈α
could␈α
maintain␈α
its␈α
purpose␈α
or␈α
even␈α
survive.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HScience␈α∂fiction␈α∂writers␈α∂have␈α∂imagined␈α∞the␈α∞crew␈α∞relapsing␈α∞into␈α∞savagery␈α∞or␈α∞a␈α∞terrorist␈α∞dictatorship.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓HOne␈α∞close␈α∞analogy␈α
in␈α
human␈α
existence␈α
would␈α
seem␈α
to␈α
be␈α
an␈α
isolated␈α
tribe␈α
on␈α
a␈α
small␈α
island.␈α
Such␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htribes␈α
have␈α
apparently␈α
maintained␈αcultural␈αisolation␈αin␈αgroups␈αof␈αa␈αfew␈αtens␈αto␈αa␈αfew␈αhundreds␈αfor␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧T␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcenturies.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬≤␈↓λ␈↓ α_Besides␈α
totally␈α
isolated␈α
tribes,␈α
religious␈α
cults␈α
like␈α
the␈α
Samaritans␈α
have␈α
maintained␈α
very␈α
small␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬@␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcommunities␈αliving␈αaccording␈α
to␈α
a␈α
law␈α
for␈α
many␈α
generations.␈α
As␈α
I␈α
understand␈α
it␈α
the␈α
Samaritans␈α
have␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬d␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmaintained␈α
a␈α
population␈α
of␈α
a␈α
few␈α
hundred␈α
since␈α
Biblical␈α
times.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βελ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βε,␈↓λ␈↓ α_An␈α⊂interstellar␈α⊂expedition␈α⊂has␈α⊂both␈α⊂advantages␈α⊂and␈α∂disadvantages␈α∂compared␈α∂to␈α∂tribes␈α∂and␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεP␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcults.␈α
First,␈α
it␈α
has␈α
written␈α
records␈α
and␈α
can␈α
use␈α
computer␈α
aided␈α
instruction.␈α
Second,␈α
if␈α
it␈α
has␈α
friends␈α
on␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βεt␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hearth,␈αit␈αcan␈αmaintain␈αradio␈αcontact␈αwith␈αthem␈αeven␈αat␈αinterstellar␈αdistances␈αwith␈αthe␈αdelays␈αimposed␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ_␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hby␈αthe␈αspeed␈αof␈αlight␈αand␈αwith␈αlimitations␈αon␈αinformation␈αtransmission␈αrate.␈αIts␈αdisadvantage␈αis␈αthat␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ<␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hit␈α∩must␈α∩maintain␈α∩a␈α∩more␈α∩complex␈α∩technological␈α∩capability.␈α∩Probably␈α∩ten␈α∩adults␈α∩could␈α⊃keep␈α⊃the␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βπ`␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hcapability␈αto␈αmaintain␈αthe␈αnuclear␈αrockets,␈αthe␈αelectronics␈αand␈αcomputers,␈αand␈αthe␈αlife␈α
support␈α
system␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
pass␈α
the␈α
skills␈α
to␈α
the␈α
next␈α
generation,␈α
but␈α
you␈α
can't␈α
prove␈α
it␈α
couldn't␈α
be␈α
done␈α
by␈α
one␈αtalented␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλ(␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hman␈α⊂with␈α⊂the␈α⊂ability␈α∂to␈α∂learn␈α∂from␈α∂reference␈α∂books␈α∂how␈α∂to␈α∂do␈α∂things␈α∂that␈α∂hadn't␈α∂been␈α∂required␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλL␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hbefore␈α
in␈αhis␈αlifetime.␈αMuch␈αdepends␈αon␈αwhether␈αthe␈αgroup␈αcan␈αbe␈αinitially␈αselected␈αfor␈αintelligence␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βλp␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
energy␈α
and␈α
the␈αextent␈αto␈αwhich␈αthese␈αqualities␈αcan␈αbe␈αmaintained,␈αi.e.␈αthe␈αlevel␈αof␈αthe␈αmean␈αto␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ∀␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α
the␈α
initially␈α
selected␈α
group␈α
will␈α
revert.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β 8␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β \␈↓λ␈↓ α_As␈α⊂for␈α⊂maintaining␈α⊂the␈α⊂expedition's␈α⊂purpose,␈α⊂the␈α⊂only␈α∂survivable␈α∂alternative␈α∂to␈α∂continuing␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α⊂be␈α⊂to␈α⊂turn␈α⊂back␈α∂or␈α∂stop␈α∂at␈α∂a␈α∂nearer␈α∂star␈α∂if␈α∂there␈α∂was␈α∂one.␈α∂However,␈α∂a␈α∂group␈α∂sending␈α∂an␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
$␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hexpedition␈α
might␈α
not␈αhave␈αmuch␈αchance␈αof␈αinsuring␈αthat␈αthe␈αtravellers␈αwould␈αremain␈αloyal␈αto␈αtheir␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hdoctrine,␈α
especially␈α
if␈α
this␈α
doctrine␈α
prescribed␈α
a␈α
way␈α
of␈α
life␈α
not␈α
suitable␈α
to␈α
a␈α
space␈α
ship.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β⊂␈↓λ␈↓ α_There␈αis␈αa␈αkey␈αsociological␈αquestion␈αthat␈αpresent␈α
sociology␈α
probably␈α
can't␈α
answer.␈α
Suppose␈α
that␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β4␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hliving␈αconditions␈αon␈αthe␈αexpedition␈αare␈αrather␈αgood␈αeven␈αincluding␈αthe␈αopportunities␈αfor␈αindividual␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hself␈α∞expression␈α∞and␈α∞development␈α∞of␈α∞potentiality␈α∞-␈α∞no␈α∞worse,␈α∞let␈α∞us␈α∞say,␈α∞than␈α∞allows␈α∞most␈α∞people␈α∞to␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hfunction␈α∂quite␈α∂well␈α∂in␈α∂twentieth␈α∂century␈α∂America.␈α∂With␈α∂all␈α∂that,␈α∂each␈α∂individual␈α∂voyager␈α∂will␈α∂be␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Haffected␈α
by␈α
his␈α
knowledge␈α
that␈α
the␈α
expedition␈α
as␈α
a␈α
whole␈α
has␈α
a␈α
purpose␈α
that␈αwill␈αcome␈αto␈αfruition␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βD␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Honly␈α⊂long␈α⊂after␈α⊂his␈α⊂death.␈α⊂It␈α⊂is␈α⊂not␈α⊂apparent␈α⊂whether␈α⊂the␈α⊂institutions␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂expeditions␈α⊂can␈α⊂be␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Harranged␈αso␈αthat␈αthis␈αknowledge␈αwill␈αhave␈αan␈αinspiring␈αeffect␈αor␈αat␈αleast␈αto␈α
be␈α
motivationally␈α
neutral␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hor␈α
whether␈α
it␈α
would␈α
inevitably␈α
be␈α
demoralizing.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
T␈↓λ␈↓ α_While␈α⊂some␈α⊂human␈α⊂groups␈α⊂of␈α⊂a␈α⊂few␈α⊂tens␈α⊂may␈α⊂have␈α∂survived␈α∂1000␈α∂years␈α∂of␈α∂inbreeding,␈α∂a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β
x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsperm␈α
bank␈α
is␈α
obviously␈α
desirable␈α
to␈α
maintain␈α
genetic␈α
diversity.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞≤␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞@␈↓λ␈↓ α_In␈αthe␈αcase␈αof␈αlarge␈αmass␈αratio,␈α
there␈α
is␈α
only␈α
a␈α
small␈α
arrival-time␈α
penalty␈α
involved␈α
in␈α
keeping␈α
a␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∞d␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hlarge␈αpopulation␈αand␈αlife␈αsupport␈αsystem␈αuntil␈αthe␈αmass␈αratio␈αremaining␈αtill␈αthe␈αend␈αof␈αthe␈αvoyage␈αis␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂λ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hsmall,␈αperhaps␈αuntil␈αa␈αfew␈αgenerations␈αbefore␈αarrival.␈αAt␈αthat␈αtime␈αthe␈αfacilities␈α
would␈α
be␈α
stripped␈α
to␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∂,␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α∂bone␈α∂and␈α∂births␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂sequenced␈α∂so␈α∂that␈α∂the␈α∂group␈α∂to␈α∞arrive␈α∞would␈α∞be␈α∞small␈α∞and␈α∞would␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ f␈βg␈↓λ11
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓H␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Harrive␈α
in␈α
their␈α
twenties␈α
and␈α
thirties.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β↓l␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα⊂␈↓λ␈↓ α_It␈αis␈αquite␈αlikely␈αthat␈αpioneers␈αarriving␈αat␈αanother␈αsolar␈αsystem␈αwould␈αfind␈αit␈αeasier␈αto␈αtake␈αup␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα4␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hresidence␈αin␈αinterplanetary␈αspace␈αthan␈αto␈αcommit␈αthemselves␈αto␈αa␈αplanet.␈αIn␈αorder␈α
to␈α
start␈α
expanding,␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βαX␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hthey␈α⊂would␈α⊂have␈α⊂only␈α⊂to␈α⊂build␈α⊂apparatus␈α∂for␈α∂collecting␈α∂solar␈α∂energy␈α∂and␈α∂for␈α∂processing␈α∂material␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈βα|␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Htaken␈α
from␈α
asteroids.␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββ ␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββD␈↓λ␈↓ α_It␈α∩seems␈α∩doubtful␈α∩that␈α∩a␈α∩colony␈α∩could␈α∩quickly␈α∩"occupy"␈α∩a␈α∩solar␈α⊃system␈α⊃and␈α⊃exclude␈α⊃later␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈ββh␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Harrivals,␈αsince␈αa␈αsolar␈αsystem␈αis␈αmuch␈αlarger␈αthan␈αeven␈αa␈αplanet.␈αTherefore,␈αthe␈αnearer␈αsolar␈αsystems␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hmight␈α
get␈α
a␈α
number␈α
of␈α
mutually␈α
independent␈α
colonies␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧0␈↓λ␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧T␈↓λ␈↓ α_Naturally,␈αthe␈αfunction␈αof␈αan␈αarticle␈αlike␈αthis␈αis␈αnot␈αto␈αprovide␈αa␈αblueprint␈α
for␈α
our␈α
descendants␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β∧x␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hto␈α∞follow;␈α∞they␈α∞will␈α
know␈α
more␈α
about␈α
it␈α
than␈α
we.␈α
It␈α
is␈α
more␈α
a␈α
response␈α
to␈α
the␈α
narrow␈α
small␈α
planet␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬≤␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hideology␈α⊃that␈α⊃has␈α⊃recently␈α⊃been␈α⊃prevalent␈α⊃even␈α⊃among␈α⊃people␈α⊃who␈α⊃should␈α⊃know␈α⊃better␈α⊃and␈α⊃an␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈β¬@␈↓λ␈↓ ↓Hattempt␈α
to␈α
indicate␈α
possibilities␈α
open␈α
to␈α
other␈α
peoples␈α
with␈α
whom␈α
we␈α
may␈α
communicate.␈↓ ↓H